Saturday, December 28, 2019

How Current Health Issues Contribute Culture And Geography...

How Current Health Issues Contribute to Culture and Geography in Scotland: In order for me to get a good grasp on what Scotland is lacking in health, I wanted to look at the demographics of each health aspect and what population it affected the most. Because we are specifically targeting workplace wellness programs, I focused most of my attention on the population of people from the age of sixteen to the age of sixty-five (the average retirement age in Scotland is sixty-five). There are six different dimensions of health that contribute to someone s overall well being. These dimensions are: occupational, spiritual, intellectual, physical, emotional and environmental. However, these fall under different health behaviors. The top health behavior problems in most countries are alcohol consumption, smoking, physical activity, diet and mental health. Through doing some research, I was able to get a hold of a book called The Scottish Health Survey. This book looks into these different heal th behaviors and shows how problematic each one was as of 2015. Alcohol Consumption: Alcohol did not seem to be a big health problem in Scotland. This did not surprise me because they have a very different attitude towards drinking in Scotland in comparison to the US. The legal drinking age in Scotland is 16 years old and 18 yers old to purchase alcohol. While many might think that this can be diminishing to their health, this helps with binge drinking and alcohol abusing because peopleShow MoreRelatedGlobalization Is A Process Of Interaction And Integration Among The People, Companies, And Countries1367 Words   |  6 PagesRebecca McCormick Globalization position paper Geography October 27, 2015 What is globalization? Globalization is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of different nations. It is a process driven by international trade and investment aided by information technology. This process has effects on the environment, culture, political systems, economic development and prosperity, and human physical well-being in societies around the world. For thousandsRead MoreDiscrimination At Birth And Infant And Child Mortality Rates1265 Words   |  6 Pagesprimary issue in developing India for school age females. Currently, according to Nitkya Rao, â€Å"there is a huge gender gap in educational attainment, with 75 per cent of women being non-literate or just literate as compared to 27 percent of the men†(Rao). The gender gap within the education system sets the illegitimate belief that women insufficient, and attaining education would have no benefit to the society as a whole. There are many factors controlling the access of education: geography, socio-culturalRead MoreImpact Of Discrimination On Arab Americans1722 Words   |  7 Pagesdifferences in the treatment of Arab-Americans and particularly in the work place and education? The American-Arab anti- discrimination committee defines Arab as- a cultural and linguistic term that includes people who share the Arab language and Arab culture. (Moradi and Hassan 2004). Another definition provided by the A.D.C (American-Arab anti-discrimination committee) is that Arab-Americans are Americans whose ancestors originated from one of the twenty-two countries (Egypt, Jordan, Algeria, BahramRead MoreThe Epidemic Of Ebola Virus Ebola1814 Words   |  8 Pagesviewpoint, in addition to a medical one. Western culture has peculiar views on global disease in the twenty-first century, especially since geographical location largely contributes to a global public health inequality. Consequently, the American media s portrayal of people of color, specifically Thomas Duncan and President Barack Obama, contributes to and sheds light on the healthcare disparity in the United States. In the last few decades, Western culture, primarily in the United States, has developedRead MoreThe, Disability And The Urban Environment : A Perspective On Los Angeles1668 Words   |  7 Pagesindividuals, regardless of disability, race, religious views, sexuality and origin, live in a state of harmony, where cities are integrated and provide equal access to all members of humanity. This utopian concept almost seems to contradict the current issues faced in contemporary society. However, papers and policies have been created that spread awareness and benefit certain aspects of society. The author, H Hahn, addressed the disability movement in a paper, â€Å"Disability and the urban environment:Read MoreThe Epidemic Of Ebola Virus Ebola1943 Words   |  8 Pagesviewpoint, in addition to a medical one. Western culture has peculiar views on global disease in the twenty-first century, especially since geographical location largely contributes to a global public health inequality. In particular, the American media s portrayal of people of color, specifically Thomas Duncan and President Barack Obama, contributes to and sheds light on the healthcare disparity in the United States. In the last few decades, Western culture, primarily in the United States, has developedRead MoreHow The Law Enforcement Culture Shapes The Behavior Of Officers And Their Views Toward Suicide1641 Words   |  7 Pagespublic. Researchers have examined possible causes and risk factors that lead to this discrepancy. Although mental health resources are available, many officers choose not to utilize them and take their own lives. Purpose The purpose of this study is to further examine how the law enforcement culture shapes the behavior of officers and their views toward suicide, and how elements of the culture agitate suicide risk factors. If a relationship between police subculture and suicide can be established, theRead MoreRisk Analysis For The Republic Of Nicaragua2218 Words   |  9 Pagestrade agreements, or investing in a country. A country risk analysis is very important because it takes into account many factors including the current and past political climate, economic risk, geography and climate risks, cultures, and laws pertaining to the country being analyzed. Often, countries are given a grade to enable a quick comparison to how risky investing in one country is compared to another country. It is important to indicate that a country risk analysis is not static. As factorsRead MoreAn Analysis of Sexual Health in New Zealand Youth3698 Words   |  15 Pagessexual health is a component of our national curriculum, and so is taught in all New Zealand high schools, there are still concernedly high rates of unplanned pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections in New Zealand adolescents. A multidisciplinary approach can be used to uncover the potential reasons behind this gap between intervention and outcome. This essay will use the perspectives of health geographers, psychologists and sociologists to explore the phenomenon, and will show how multidisciplinaryRead MoreCanadas Current Health Care System1800 Words   |  8 PagesCanada is a country composed of many different people from many different cultures including some native indigenous people, much like the United States. Similar to many other countries, Canada is attempting to become more culturally conscious and provide culturally-competent healthcare. According to Leininger and McFarland (2002), â€Å"there is an urgent need to integrate the many cultures of Canada into a harmonious, functioning society using sound cultural care research-based data in practice† (p.

Friday, December 20, 2019

Analysis Of The Book Eleanor Park By Rainbow Rowell...

A Family Forever A secret’s worth depends on the people from whom it must be kept. One cannot choose their family because they are God’s gift to us. A family is filled with those who support and care about you. They look out for you and are there when you need them. Family is the single most important thing in many people’s lives. It is true that some people will not ever understand your grief or is able to identify with your situation, but that should not stop anyone from reaching out to you. In the book â€Å"Eleanor Park,† by Rainbow Rowell, the author describes a primary character named Eleanor whose life has been very difficult. Eleanor was abandoned by both her mother and her father at different times in her life, was abused by her stepfather and is bullied in school because of the way she looks. On the other hand, another primary character Park is a young American teenager who is half-Korean. He is kind and nice person but lonely and weird. Until they find each other, the way they have difference than other people made perfectly for each other: shy, enthusiastic about music and comics book. It is evident in the novel that the mothers of Eleanor and Park, Mindy and Sabrina have taken different paths on parenting. One has made all the wrong choices and the other has made sacrifices for her family. As I read the book, it intrigued me to know how important family is to a person. I am writing to four various people, each with different perspectives and thoughts in Eleanor

Thursday, December 12, 2019

Business Etiquette of Japanese-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: You are to prepare a formal analytical essay of strictly on Japanese business etiquette and steps that Emily can use to make a favourable first impression when she visits Japan to meet with Mr. Hamasaki. Answer: Presentation is the fundamental requirement in order to crack a business deal. The most important step that is being undertaken in the process is based on the preferences and the cultures of the host. Impressing the host is the important step while unleashing the capabilities is just an excuse of getting the deal right. In this context, Emily is looking forward to give a visit to an entrepreneur in Japan, in order to undertake collaboration for promoting the range of delicacies prepared by her company in the nation. Japan is a developed economy with equally complex social regulations and cultures (Moran, Abramson and Moran 2014). Therefore, Emily must take steps in order to have an insight of the varied corporate cultures of the nation. The nation has made its developments based on the subtle aspects of technological advancements and the corporate culture is very much different from that of Australia, to which Emily belongs. Therefore, she must take steps in understanding the complex cultures and the etiquettes for creating and retaining a lasting impression on her host. The discussion is based on the corporate culture of Japan. It also discusses the manner in which Emily could create a lasting impression on the mind of the entrepreneur to convince him for undertaking the collaboration. This will help Emily ultimately to undertake the expansion and growth of her organization The Japanese people believe in long lasting relations. In order to establish long lasting relations, based on the needs of the social culture of Japan, Emily must take steps in order to make use of every opportunity for making good use of the good relations with the people (Chiu and Hong 2013). It will help in making good terms and a lasting impression of her business concern on the entrepreneur. The Japanese often meet at bars, restaurants and karaoke theatres after their work for relaxation. These are the places where the formal etiquettes are not maintained. It might help in building strong inter-personal relation. Alternatively, understanding of the business meeting etiquettes that are being followed by the corporate in the nation helps in undertaking steps to make use of the protocols. Arrogance and rude behavior in the meetings might cause to the loss of rust and image that is being made by the foreigners (Lee, McCauley and Draguns 2013). Therefore, Emily must not show her arrogance in the meetings. Moreover, their culture of meeting a person is very much different from the culture of the world. The Japanese prefer to bow before the person before shaking hands. It is the traditional culture that has been imbibed in the corporate culture of the nation. Therefore, Emily must take the steps in order to satisfy the cultures of the host country in order to maintain a good relation with the Japanese. The seating arrangement that is being undertaken in the culture is again another factor that supports the corporate culture (Shinnar, Giacomin and Janssen 2012). Emily must be able to adjust herself w ith the culture of the nation, being a guest in order to leave a lasting impression on the mind of the entrepreneur. Exchange of the business cards is again an important consideration of culture that is being taken by the Japanese corporate. The exchange of bilingual business cards ensures the inception of the business meeting (Ishihara and Cohen 2014). It is now a tradition, which actually helps in making the people aware of the business and makes them aware of the kind of business they are into. Emily must make a note of her business and thereby provide the hosts with a business card in order to create a lasting impression. It helps in the maintenance of the etiquettes of the enforced cultures and the systems. Alternatively, dress code is again an important consideration that one requires to adhere while undertaking a meeting with the Japanese (Moriano et al. 2012). The Japanese people, especially the corporate, prefer dark colors for their clothing, and fine threads that might seem appropriate for the meetings. High-heeled shoes and the informal wears are not encouraged by the corporate of Japan . Therefore, Emily must make a note o the assortments in order to make an appealing image to the people. The cross-cultural development helps in the inter-mingling of the creativity and the vision, which helps in undertaking the progress of the organizations. The models of cultural diversity help in the understanding of the different cultural backgrounds and thereby determine the various aspects of the excellence (Peltokorpi and Froese 2012). The individualistic diversity helps in determining the differences between the people on an individual basis (Refer to Appendices 1 and 2). Whereas, gender discrimination and diversity helps in understanding the different norms, which the society asserts on the rights of men and women separately. It is more like discriminating between the capabilities. In this case, Emily must adhere to the cultures that are being followed by women in Japan. It is to ensure that she leaves a lasting impression on the entrepreneur. The understanding of the Japanese culture would help her in doing so. The power and distance helps in determining the aspects of the ine quality in the society and the peoples acceptance. Emily too must make sure that the changes in the cultures are being accepted and adhered in order to hold a good impression. The consideration of evaluating the social norms over time and the perception of the various diversity shall help Emily in making a good presentation for the meeting. Emily must take steps in order to ensure the lasting impression, which will help her in making her company more preferred by the Japanese entrepreneurs. As the Japanese people believe in healthy relations; therefore, Emily must take steps in order to maintain a healthy relation for the growth and expansion of her enterprise in Japan. References Chiu, C.Y. and Hong, Y.Y., 2013.Social psychology of culture. Psychology Press. Hemmert, M., Bstieler, L. and Okamuro, H., 2014. Bridging the cultural divide: Trust formation in universityindustry research collaborations in the US, Japan, and South Korea.Technovation,34(10), pp.605-616. Ishihara, N. and Cohen, A.D., 2014.Teaching and learning pragmatics: Where language and culture meet. Routledge. Lee, Y.T., McCauley, C.R. and Draguns, J.G. eds., 2013.Personality and person perception across cultures. Psychology Press. Moran, R.T., Abramson, N.R. and Moran, S.V., 2014.Managing cultural differences. Routledge. Moriano, J.A., Gorgievski, M., Laguna, M., Stephan, U. and Zarafshani, K., 2012. A cross-cultural approach to understanding entrepreneurial intention.Journal of career development,39(2), pp.162-185. Peltokorpi, V. and Froese, F.J., 2012. The impact of expatriate personality traits on cross-cultural adjustment: A study with expatriates in Japan.International Business Review,21(4), pp.734-746. Shinnar, R.S., Giacomin, O. and Janssen, F., 2012. Entrepreneurial perceptions and intentions: The role of gender and culture.Entrepreneurship Theory and practice,36(3), pp.465-493

Wednesday, December 4, 2019

Freight Fluidity Performance Measures †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Freight Fluidity Performance Measures. Answer: Introduction Lately, people are into importing and exporting cargo. This is stimulated using airplanes which is one the most effective ways to transport large and heavy goods in the shortest time possible. Despite that, people have forgone the fact that the charges are too high and still use it as their major means of transport. This is subject to other means of transport available which include the trains. Compared these two means, the airplane still stands to be the best way one can reach individuals easily. One, the train is slow and not connected to the entire world as compared to planes which have different destinations of the world. On the other hand, it would be convenient for one to choose the train over the plane as they are able to carry bulky goods at large as compared to what the plane does (Amaruchkul, Cooper Gupta 2010, pp.155). Over the years, the United Kingdom air cargo has played a very crucial role in the modern-day chain supply. This has also contributed to the improvement of its economy. For cargo airplanes, they can be either combined with passengers or others could be strictly cargo planes. On many occasions, cargo is usually carried on the belly of the plane, which is underneath the passengers cabin but for other crafts, it is carried on the deck sharing space with the passengers while other planes are exclusively for carrying cargo (Aditjandra et al. 2016). This means that the entire plane is meant for cargo. Also, while some of the cargo services would prefer door-to-door services, others are cargo equivalent to the passengers. This explains the difference in having planes that carry only cargo while those that carry both passengers and cargo. In addition, there are specialist cargo airlines which accommodate aircraft which can carry oversize cargo. They have huge volumes of cargo holds, and an e xample is the giant (Navarro, Cronemy Huge-Brodin 2014). Air surface mode are linked together by airports. In Asia, there are many hubs with different cargo tonnage that have increased trade around the region in the recent years. For instance, Memphis and Louisville have really benefited from the United States partnership for the FedEx and UPS respectively. For the United Kingdom airport network, in 2014, around 2.5 million tons were handled in terms of mail and freights. However, this was significantly a small amount as compared to the volume which passed through the United Kingdoms ports which amounted to up to 490 million tons (Amaruchkul, Cooper Gupta 2010, pp.156). Despite that, the freight was high-value goods with much density thus that accounted for around 40 percent of the exports and imports. Jewelry, aerospace, pharmaceuticals and other medical equipment are among the major export flows. This led to an increased number of people getting into the job industry. For instance, 39000 jobs were created directly while 135300 were indi rectly created with their induced impacts also considered. United Kingdom airfreight is evenly distributed with an inbound of around 52% and 48 percent outbound movements. This is in comparison to the maritime traders which has a very deadly imbalance in imports. For long-distance movements, air transport is the most suitable means of transport (Babi?, Kuljanin Kali? 2015, pp.3). Eighty percent of freight originates from the European Union while the same has the same percentage of freights being its destination. This contrasts the main volume, around 50 percent which is used for domestic markets. For this, it is well illustrated how air transport has a range of uses while also its challenges cannot be forgotten thus showing how competitive the industry is (Navarro, Cronemy Huge-Brodin 2017). The fundamental reasons for the success of the company The United Kingdom has had its way in the freight industry as very successful.it can only be compared to its major airlines that is FedEx and UPS This is evident as all its companies are among the top rated in terms of profits gained, service providence and the number of freight they have transported. This shows how individuals are eager to work with such companies as he pays is also suitable, and no complains have been heard about them. Freight air transport has been solely determined by how well they perform (Crozet 2014, pp.65). For instance, a large extent is determined by how the downstream demand level for haulage of valuable goods. Despite being the safest and the fastest, they are the most expensive to use as stated earlier. In the international trade, airfreight has played a vital role (Edward-Jones et al. 2009, pp.480). This is particularly in the international division of labor and international economic and cultural connections which have greatly increased. It is becoming even more substantial with the role it is playing in the global economy. According to research, a rough estimate of up to one-third of all the worlds products that are being produced will be incorporated in the trade cycle (Amaruchkul, Cooper Gupta 2010, pp.157). The United Kingdom economy has really developed since the start of this service. However, it also responsible for increased pollution levels that is noise and air. The availability of this services has enabled the British state to function internationally as a business center and being able to manufacture high-value goods. First, we can clearly see how the number of jobless people has decreased. Thanks to the fight industry which has been able to provide job opportunities both directly and indirectly (Divall 2016, pp.15). Secondly, most of the business areas such as pharmaceuticals, financials, and even technology require speedy services. For that reason, air is the most reliable means they can use. This will ensure customers are well responded to and in the required time. Failure of having such services will lead to business relocating to other countries or places where they can be available. Lastly, through air transport, companies can improve the competitiveness of a company in al l sectors. This includes the logistics, inventory, management, production and supporting the customers (Turnbull 2014). To many firms, accessing air services is a great deal as it is a determinant of their location of operations in the United Kingdom. Comparing the FedEx and the Mumbai freight company, we see how much successful the United Kingdom has become. Lately, there has been an issue in other freight airline companies and this includes the Boeing. This gives United Kingdom freight companies a reason to consider themselves successful (Babi?, Kuljanin Kali? 2015, pp.5). For example, we have Indian air cargo found in India. In the previous year, some of its employees were forced to leave the job as they were not getting paid well. In addition to that, shipment rates became too high for their customers that they had to relocate to other cargo services. With famous people like the Boeing and Airbus, the company still failed their clients (Edward-Jones et al. 2009, pp.480). Most of their aircraft were undergoing maintenance while their crew became limited. This leads to delayed flights and half offloading of goods. Such companies should emulate and seek advice from well-maintained companies such as those in the United Kingdom. H ence, proper management would lead to success in the airlines. Also, tending the clients and employees well would also increase the reputation and working of a company (Smilowitz 2017, pp. 440) How can a company maintain its comparative advantage? As survival is a common feature in the forest, in business, competition is a common phenomenon in business. For a business to be successful, it needs to maintain a competitive advantage in the industry (Doganis 2013). This involves countless efforts which are involved in planning, then developing and finally leasing their services or products to their clients. If a company finds a way to this, they become a model in the industry with minor errors experienced. The reason behind is that other companies will catch up soon by adopting best practices which help them to keep up the pace of the competition (Smilowitz 2017, pp.441). However, once clients adapt to such companies, they will find it difficult for them to distinguish between the two companies as both have same practices. Thus, there is need to show customers how far a company can go over the other in that competition so that they can gain confidence in working with it. A successful business has been able to make this distinction obvious to their customers, and therefore a freight company like FedEx tops the list in their service providence. For new businesses, it is obvious that it will first need a strategy of making their market aware of what sort of service they need to render and the specific individuals or groups that intend to be served (Turnbull 2014). First, to maintain the comparative advantage, the freight company need to choose on their priorities (Chao Li 2017, pp.27). For instance, it should choose whether their service is performed to numerous customers with few services or whether it will have fewer customers with a variety of services to provide. Look at FedEx. It specialized in proving little services, specifically cargo freighting, too many people. Centering this has helped them grow and has also helped the growth of the European Union (Taniguchi et al. 2014, pp.34) Secondly, ensuring that the activities and services practiced are related is also an aim. This helps the company to make a stand for its services to the product or services that they produce. For instance, in the freight industry, companies should stick to ferrying cargoes to different countries (Bergqvist Monios 2017, pp.7). Rather, if they have other activities, they should be related to what freighting is involved with. This will build an identity helping their clients to be keen on that product. It will maintain the comparative edge over others who would combine let us say freighting with manufacturing of products (Taniguchi et al. 2014, pp.53) However, just seeing these strategies in the paper would not ensure the growth of the company. Rather, active actions should be taken to ensure that both business executives and employees show commitment and understand the comparative advantage concept (Liimatainen 2014, pp.380). Well formulated strategies would eventually lead to good implementation which is one sure way of ensuring the comparative advantage is maintained. Could this be suitable for other companies, and if so explain why, if not explain why? Comparative knowledge is important to any company doing business. For instance, by knowing the status of ones company, it will be easier to know how competitive one is in the market (Suresh et al. 2017, pp.100). However, being ahead of other competitors is a plus. It will help in looking for ways of attracting more customers to ensure that the business runs smoothly. However, there are other companies which cannot specialize in one thing but still are very much successful. Take an example of the major car producing companies. They work on everything from scratch in assembling the car parts and then go on selling them themselves. Depending on how a company takes the comparative advantage theory, they can well utilize it and earn maximum profits and surpass their competitors (Navarro, Cronemy Huge-Brodin 2014) The ability to endure and maintain a process or a situation over a period is known as sustainability. In economics, it is the when a state, company or individual can uphold the production level of economy indefinitely (Hellerman, Huchzermeier Spinler 2013, pp.312). Thus, when progress meets its needs without negotiating with the future generations, this is known as sustainable growth. This concept contains two key concepts. First, limitations imposed by the state of the social organization and the technology department in a state to meet future standards. Secondly, the concept of needs to which the essential needs the worlds poor, overrides the priority that it deserves. Sustainability involves six major steps (Smilowitz 2017, pp.440). First, mapping of the supply chain is required. Then the sustainability plan should concentrate on the communications expectations. Thirdly, baseline supplier performance should be keenly checked while developing a good training and capacity building program (Ozceylan et al. 2016, pp. 43) Eventually, a drive performance improvement by the audit team is implemented, and lastly, the industry joins collaboration in making things work. In the freight sector, stakeholder pressure coming from either investors, customers or shareholders has greatly influenced the increase in this companys profits (Jaller, Snchez-Daz. and Holgun-Veras 2015, pp.49). By being able to improve and manage the social, economic and environmental performance, supply chains have been able to conserve their resources and optimize the processes. Also, product innovation has really been evident with an attempt of saving cost and increasing productivity to ensure corporate values have been upheld. This is evident in the United Kingdom freight markets. Its profits and even rankings have greatly improved showing how sustainability has been able to take the course (Taniguchi et al. 2014, pp.56). Questions from the study case. There are many factors which could affect the development of freight. this varies depending on the country that one is located in. for instance, some countries have very strict policies which might restrain the improvement of the freight industry. The United States is one of them. take an example of the Memphis international airport in Tennessee. It has very strict rules regarding pollution and aims at conserving their environment. For this, you will find few freight industries that are striving well as compared to those found in the United Kingdom. Also, America is an independent state which has very limited inquiries regarding goods. Instead, you will find them exporting materials which are not in use. For this, they do not consider freight market as a necessity to their government (Navarro, Cronemy Huge-Brodin 2014). With good management, a company would be expected to enormously grow. Such is the case when it comes to the major cargo hubs (Doganis 2013, pp.45). First, they have been able to maintain their clients and employees by ensuring that the service delivery is superb. Also, providing incentives to their workers has enabled them to be fast forward in ensuring that they provide quality services to their customers. Lastly, they have been able to uphold a good sustainable economic environment. For this, they are aware of their competitors and have worked hard so that they are always ahead of them (Tangichu et al. 2014, pp.62). Challenges that affect the development include first, the location of a firm as physical location is important to key freight markets. Secondly, the quality of the airport would really matter a lot. With congestion, delays can be caused which might, in turn, increase airport charges or delayed flight loading. Also, there are other factors which include environment, that is bad weather, governmental restrictions, for instance, reduce operating hours that make other countries have slugged cargo industry development (Smilowitz 2017, pp.440) Bibliography Aditjandra, P.T., Galatioto, F., Bell, M.C. and Zunder, T.H., 2016. Evaluating the impacts of urban freight traffic: application of micro-simulation at a large establishment.European Journal of Transport and Infrastructure Research,16(1), pp.4-22. Amaruchkul, K., Cooper, W.L., and Gupta, D., 2011. A note on air?cargo capacity contracts.Production and Operations Management,20(1), pp.152-162. Babi?, D., Kuljanin, J. and Kali?, M., 2015. Air Cargo Flow Analysis in the European Union. InProceedings from the 2nd Logistic International Conference, Belgrad (Serbia). Bergqvist, R. and Monios, J., 2017. Introduction. InIntermodal Freight Transport and Logistics(pp. 3-15). Chao, C.C., and Li, R.G., 2017. Effects of cargo types and load efficiency on airline cargo revenues.Journal of Air Transport Management,61, pp.26-33. Crozet, Y., 2014. Development of rail freight in Europe: What regulation can and cannot do.Center on Regulation in Europe (CERRE), pp 55-67. Divall, C., 2016. The Sea Container Revolution and Road-Rail Competition in Britain: a Preliminary Assessment of Freightliner. Infrom Rail to Road and Back Again?(pp. 155-174). Doganis, R., 2013.Flying off course: The economics of international airlines. Routledge. Edwards-Jones, G., Plassmann, K., York, E.H., Hounsome, B., Jones, D.L. and I Canals, L.M., 2009. The vulnerability of exporting nations to the development of a carbon label in the United Kingdom. environmental science policy, 12(4), pp76-107. Hellermann, R., Huchzermeier, A., and Spinler, S., 2013. Options contracts with overbooking in the air cargo industry.Decision Sciences,44(2), pp.297-327. Jaller, M., Snchez-Daz, I. and Holgun-Veras, J., 2015. Identifying Freight Intermediaries: Implications for Modeling of Freight Trip Generation.Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, (2478), pp.48-56. Liimatainen, H., Nyknen, L., Arvidsson, N., Hovi, I.B., Jensen, T.C. and stli, V., (2014). Energy efficiency of road freight haulersA Nordic comparison.Energy Policy,67, pp.378-387. Lindholm, M. and Ballantyne, E.E., 2016. Introducing elements of due diligence in sustainable urban freight transport planning.Transportation Research Procedia,12, pp.66-78. Navarro, P., Cronemyr, P. and Huge-Brodin, M., 2017. What is the potential of process management to enhance sustainability in the freight transport sector? InEurOMA Conference 2017 in Edinburgh. zceylan, E., Erba?, M., Tolon, M., Kabak, M. and Dur?ut, T., 2016. Evaluation of freight villages: A GIS-based multi-criteria decision analysis.Computers in Industry,76, pp.38-52. Smilowitz, K., 2017. Comments on: Continuous approximation models in freight distribution management.TOP,25(3), pp.440-442. Suresh, S., Renukappa, S., Alghanmi, I., Mushatat, S. and Olayinka, R., 2017. Examining the Satisfaction Level of Construction Workers Regarding Safety Management in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.Journal of Construction in Developing Countries,22(1), pp.97-113. Taniguchi, E., Imanishi, Y., Barber, R., James, J. and Debauche, W., 2014. Public sector governance to implement freight vehicle transport management.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,125, pp.345-357. Turnbull, K.F., 2014. Developing Freight Fluidity Performance Measures: Supply Chain Perspective on Freight System Performance. Summary of a Workshop, May 21-22, 2014, Washington, DC.Transportation Research E-Circular, (E-C187).

Sunday, November 24, 2019

Foods Role in the Evolution of the Human Jaw

Foods Role in the Evolution of the Human Jaw You may have heard the old adage that you should chew your food, especially meat, at least 32 times before you try to swallow it. While that may be overkill for some types of soft food like ice cream or even bread, chewing, or lack thereof, may have actually contributed to the reasons human jaws became smaller and why we now have smaller numbers of teeth in those jaws. What Caused the Decrease in Size of the Human Jaw? Researchers at Harvard University in the Department of Human Evolutionary Biology now believe that the decrease in size of the human jaw was, in part, directed by the fact that human ancestors began to â€Å"process† their foods before they ate them. This does not mean adding artificial colors or flavors or the type of processing of food we think of today, but rather mechanical changes to the food such as cutting meat into smaller pieces or mashing fruits, vegetables, and grains into bite sized, small jaw friendly amounts. Without the large pieces of food that needed to be chewed more times to get them to pieces that could be swallowed safely, the human ancestors’ jaws did not have to be so large. Fewer teeth are needed in modern humans compared to their predecessors. For instance, wisdom teeth are now considered vestigial structures in humans when they were necessary in many of the human ancestors. Since jaw size has considerably gotten smaller throughout the evolution of humans, there is not enough room in some people’s jaws to comfortably fit the extra set of molars. Wisdom teeth were necessary when humans’ jaws were bigger and the food needed more chewing to be fully processed before being able to be swallowed safely. The Evolution of Human Teeth Not only did the human jaw shrink in size, so did the size of our individual teeth. While our molars and even bicuspids or pre-molars are still larger and flatter than our incisors and canine teeth, they are much smaller than the molars of our ancient ancestors. Before, they were the surface upon which grains and vegetables were ground into processed pieces that could be swallowed. Once the early humans figured out how to use various food preparation tools, the processing of the food happened outside of the mouth. Instead of needing large, flat surfaces of teeth, they could use tools to mash these types of foods on tables or other surfaces. Communication and Speech While the size of the jaw and the teeth were important milestones in the evolution of humans, it created more of a change in habits besides just how many times food was chewed before swallowed. Researchers believe the smaller teeth and jaws led to changes in communication and speech patterns, may have something to do with how our body processed changes in heat, and could even have affected the evolution of the human brain in areas that controlled these other traits. The actual experiment performed at Harvard University used 34 people in different experimental groups. One set of groups dined on vegetables early humans would have had access to, while another group got to chew on some goat meat- a type of meat that would have been plentiful and easy for those early humans to hunt and eat. The first round of the experiment involved the participants chewing completely unprocessed and uncooked foods. How much force was used with each bite was measured and the participants spit back out the fully chewed meal to see how well it was processed. The next round â€Å"processed† the foods the participants would chew. This time, the food was mashed or ground up using tools the human ancestors may have been able to find or make for food preparation purposes. Finally, another round of experiments were performed by slicing and cooking the foods. The results showed that the study participants used less energy and were able to eat the processed foods much more easily than those that were left â€Å"as is† and unprocessed. Natural Selection Once these tools and food preparation methods were widespread throughout the population, natural selection found that a larger jaw with more teeth and oversized jaw muscles were unnecessary. Individuals with smaller jaws, fewer teeth, and smaller jaw muscles became more common in the population. With the energy and time saved from chewing, hunting became more prevalent and more meat was incorporated into the diet. This was important for early humans because animal meat has more calories available, so more energy was then able to be used for life functions. This study found the more processed the food, the easier it was for the participants to eat. Could this be why the mega-processed food we find today on our supermarket shelves are often high in caloric value? The ease of eating processed foods is often cited as a reason for the obesity epidemic. Perhaps our ancestors who were trying to survive by using less energy for more calories have contributed to the state of modern human sizes.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Nokia Mobil Phone Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Nokia Mobil Phone - Research Paper Example A set of possible solutions that the company could have adopted have also been set down as recommendations for the company during 2006. The recommendations set down have been well thought out and is based on the performance of the company, the factors that impacted the business during that stage and also keeping the future in mind. Firstly, it is important to identify and discuss here the stage of the life cycle model that the company was in during 2006 in the US. The year 2006 was indeed recognised to be the peek for Nokia Corporation in the US. The company had grown to sell as much as 440 million handsets which contributed to almost 40% of the overall global cell phone sales. The company was then at the pinnacle of success and every product of the company, i.e. the mobile phones as well as the MP3s were all in high demand. The company had seen an increase of 25% for the demand of the phones in the emerging markets (Kharif). The company made a net profit of almost 1.2 billion Euros. The company has also seen a major increase in the revenues in the year 2006. On the whole, the company was part of the growth stage and the company has seen intense growth and development throughout the year throughout the world except in America (Kharif). In the case of America, Nokia has moved from the growth stage and to a great extent has moved closer towards the decline stage. There has been a massive jump in the company’s position in terms of the pro duct life cycle. The years prior to 2006, have clearly been very eventful and successful for the company however, the year 2006 led the company to be left way behind competitors like Motorola. Nokia lacked the style and new trends in the mobile designs and carried on focusing solely on the bar shaped cell phones (Kharif). There was clearly little or no attention paid to the customer